Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain) was born in Florida, Missouri, of a Virginian family. He was brought up in Missouri. After his father's death in 1847, Twain worked as a licensed Mississippi river-boat pilot (1857-61), adopting his name from the call ("Mark twain!", meaning by the mark of two fathoms, a linear unit of measurement for water depth) used when sounding river shallows. But this isn't the full story: he had also satirized an older writer, Isaiah Sellers, who called himself Mark Twain. In 1864 he left for California, and worked in San Francisco as a reporter. During a period when he was out of work, he lived in a primitive cabin on Jackass Hill and tried his luck as a gold-miner. In the 1890s Twain lost most of his earnings in financial speculations and in the downhill of his own publishing firm. The death of both his wife in 1904 in Florence and his favorite daughter Susy darkened the author's later years and he died on April 21, 1910.

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THE PRINCE AND THE PAUPER (161 KB)
Fiction
Edward VI of England and a little pauper change places along this extraordinary work. Young Prince Edward lived a life of luxury with servants to grant his every wish. Tom Canty spent his days begging on the streets, and his nights in a hovel with his tyrannical father. When the two boys meet, a simple switch of clothing sets them on a path they'd never dreamed possible. The prince, mistaken for Tom, is forced to live a pauper's life, while Tom unwillingly takes on the life of a prince. And in the end, each boy finds the king inside himself.

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THE INNOCENTS ABROAD (441 KB)
Fiction
As a correspondent for The Sacramento Union, Twain visited Hawaii publishing letters on his trip and giving lectures. He set out world tour, travelling in France and Italy. His experiences were recorded in 1869 in The Innocents Abroad, which gained him wide popularity, and poked fun at both American and European prejudices and manners. Its success gave Twain enough financial security to marry Olivia Langdon in 1870.